SARS-CoV-2 variants in Vietnam: A comprehensive analysis of nucleotide changes in the spike gene

SARS-CoV-2, causing the COVID-19 pandemic, has claimed millions of lives worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 a high mutation rate in its genome, resulting thousands variants. The success is attributed to S gene, which encodes spike protein that interacts directly with hACE2. Mutations this gene are known increase transmission and ability escape immune system virus. This study focused on analyzing nucleotide changes variants appeared Vietnam. results showed Vietnam recorded many VOC variants, including Alpha, Beta, Delta, Omicron, Delta Omicron being most prevalent. S1 region had highest rate, missense C T mutations common. NTD contained all deletion insertion mutations, at 22198 22206 hotspot for insertion. RBD positive selection during evolution, indicating it undergone harsh mutation. Overall, demonstrates haplotype diversity. variant nucleotide, diversity indexes, average number gene. These findings provide insights into genetic impact evolution